In this paper, a ROAD transportation system in an Iranian province was studied to select the best combination of proposed projects, within budgetary constraints, by discrete event system simulation. To do this, first, a list of candidate projects was obtained along with their characteristics. After data collection and analysis, GPSS/H model development and validation, initial transient study, and design of the experimental phases, the developed model was applied to determine the performances of different combinations of candidate projects under different random conditions. Then, the one with the highest average utilization of the ROADs was chosen. The results of this paper show that if a suitable set of input data is available for similar transportation systems, then, one can benefit from this simulation study for short and long term planning.

For designing forest ROADs that in addition to minimize the cost of constructing, satisfy environmentalists, it is necessary to provide designers and contractors accurate data from surface and subsurface conditions of the ROAD area due to the large-scale of data using of optimization methods (metaheuristic algorithms) with the help of computers is necessary. For this purpose, this research was carried out on a proposed forest ROAD whit length of 1 km in the forests of the district 4 of Babakoh in the city of Siahkal in Guilan province. The cycle of all earthwork work was studied by continuous time study method and the information of the subsurface layers terms of digging was carefully recorded. The results of comparing the method of the ant colony with the hand-made design scenario showed that the multi-objective algorithm presented in this study has great potential for reducing the cost of earthwork operations and its volume. Based on the results, the algorithm is able to reduce 58. 55 and 64 percent the cost of earthwork operations and the volume of operations, respectively. Finally, the results of this research can be used as a guide to better management of forest areas, especially forest ROADs with the development of efficient methods in all forestry forests.

Purpose: Discusses the importance of the CONSTRUCTION and maintenance of the Mashhad-Ashghabad ROAD in the latest years of Qajars (bet. 1887 – 1924). Method and Research Design: Archival records held at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Malek National Museum of Iran congather data. Findings and Conclusions. The efforts of Abolqasem Malak-a-Tojjar, the consentionnaire, empowered by the support of a group of Iranian and Russian merchants, some statesmen, and the Russian embassy in Tehran facilitated the CONSTRUCTION of the ROAD. However, greviance by a group of landowners on sides of the ROAD, as well as the opposition of some Mashhad merchants led to the slowdown of project. In addition, the lack of ROAD CONSTRUCTION equipment, financial shortcomings, and the redirectiond of the ROAD, contributed to the further slowdon. In the short term, the delay caused dinanaccial losses for some. In the long term however, when operational, merchants of Khorasan benefited largly from the ROAD.

Information on the productivity, costs and applications of the logging system is a key component in the evaluation of management plans for the rehabilitation and utilization of Caspian forests. Skidding and ROAD CONSTRUCTION costs are expensive forest operations. Determining the optimum forest ROAD network density is one of the most important factors in sustainable forest management. Logging method is an important factor to determine the optimum ROAD network density. In this research, in order to determine the optimum ROAD network density, skidding cost and ROAD CONSTRUCTION cost were calculated. Linear programming model was used in order to reduce the skidding costs and to determine the optimal forest ROAD network density. Our aim was to determine the minimum skidding cost for Timber Jack and Clark skidders for different average skidding distance. The results showed that it is less costly if Clark skidder is used for skidding. Then the optimal ROAD network density at this manner was 8 m/ha.

Today, the method of Build, operation and Transfer of accepted and effective methods for investing in the CONSTRUCTION of fast infrastructure projects required by countries. However, several risks may affect the Build, operation, and Transfer contracts. One of the most significant topics in study of BOT is process of its allocation to public and private sections. In this paper, by presenting the position of the risk-sharing process in the formation of Build, operation, and Transfer projects, a guidance framework is developed for how to allocate risk among the project's agents. Therefore, before starting a project and contracting, each of the project risks must be determined according to the appropriate criteria. Study continues by studying risk’s allocation in two quantitative and qualitative levels. Qualitative model uses Bayesian model to allocate risk for employer and contractor in 93. 56% and 98. 31% levels of significance. In order to identify the risks in the high way project of Tehran-Rasht, we first used 30 action questionnaires and then qualitative assigning and sharing the risk. In quantitative model, game theory used to allocate minimum of total cost while 35% of risk assigned to employer and 65% to contractor.

Introduction: Safety at workplaces is an important issue, and lack of effective and efficient safety management methods based on scientific studies could cost the CONSTRUCTION industry. An effective accident investigation and root causes analysis could prevent the occurrence of incidents at minimum cost and time. Material and Method: First, major accidents in ROAD CONSTRUCTION projects were identified by interview and literature reviewing techniques. Then, fault tree was drawn for each main risks. In the next step, in order to calculate occurrence probability and severity of each accident type, a questionnaire was designed and distributed among the participants. Fuzzy logic was employed in calculations, due to the existence of uncertainty in linguistic variables. Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis (FFTA) was used for calculating the occurrence probability, and importance of each criterion was determined using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchical Process (FAHP) to calculate the severity of each accident. Finally, risk factors for each accident type was calculated and the risks were ranked accordingly. Result: Accidents related to crusher and asphalt plant, traffic accidents, heat exhaustion and lack of hygiene and hit by machinery were identified as the most important risks among the eleven investigated accident types. Conclusion: The findings in this research and also implementing effective safety management techniques, could be helpful on reduction of the probability of accidents root causes and to mitigate related risks.

Regional forest management and executing the related plans are directly associated with quality and quantity of planning and forest ROAD network CONSTRUCTION to access all forest areas. CONSTRUCTION of forest ROAD is the most important manipulation occurred in the nature by human. Most of damages by forest ROADs CONSTRUCTION are directly related to soil properties forming bed ROAD. The recognition of these properties has a critical role in choosing the ground as one of the materials. In study area more than 18 kilometers of ROADs have been planned that should be accomplished by the end of rotation. The objective of this study was to evaluate mechanical properties of soil in order to use them in ROAD CONSTRUCTION and maintenance stages. Therefore 24 soil samples were selected using land unit map. With regard to result of pretests 13 zones with similar properties were divided. According to soil zonation map, 13 samples were taken using GPS and experiments were carried out in geotechnic lab. Classification of the soils carried out using the above experiments according to USCS method. Results show only two samples of all samples (16%) are coarse soil (SM, GM) and the others (81%) are fine soil (CH, CL, ML). 61% of fine soil have clay fine soil. Hence, in the parts of the ROAD which have Liquidity Index more than one soils have to be drained before ROAD CONSTRUCTION and the parts that soils have high Plasticity Index have to stabilize Bed ROAD with lime or using Geotextile for that do. For decreasing costs of ROAD CONSTRUCTION and maintenance. Routes have to across from areas that are stable. Reaching to this aim needs to survey soil mechanic properties map.

CONSTRUCTION of ROAD netwok has a great important in every community. In one hand it improves the socio- economic development, on the other hand it has a great influence on destruction of natural resoures and soil erosion. In order to study the impact of ROAD CONSTRUCTION on forest, the Bazoft basin, asub-basin of Karoon watershed, was selected in Chahar mahal and Bakhtiari province. For this purpose, the length of all ROADs and the width of the destructed area were measured. Besides, the ROAD plan in combination with slope, direction, geology and forest typology information’s was prepared using GIS. Results indicated that 661.08 ha of natural resources area was destructed by ROAD CONSTRUCTION, which contains 420.19 ha of forests, 198.97 ha of rangelands and 41.92 ha of agricultural lands. A total of 101 cases of landslide was assessed along the ROAD network in the studied region. In other words, 6735m of ROAD length (3.8%) has been moved because of landslide.